Power goes to teachers students and discipline Essay Example For Students

Force goes to instructors understudies and order Essay For in any event two decades discipline has been at or close to the highest priority on the rundown of open worries about our schools.1 Nor should this unexpected us; building up the blend of premonition, judgment, and restraint that empowers (or maybe just comprises) discipline is a significant undertaking of youth. For whatever length of time that schools are places where part of a childs training happens, helping kids create order will be one of the issues that is, genuine undertakings that schools face. Be that as it may, when utilized in school-talk, discipline regularly is converted into terms of control and force, not advancement or training. Control is regularly, maybe generally, interchangeable with study hall the board. This feeling of order as-control won't appear to be abnormal to any individual who has perused Michel Foucault, particularly his Discipline and Punish.2 On his view, when we start discussing the issue of control, we are truly getting some information about the force relationships3 that exist inside schools. In particular, we ought to solicit what structure from power4 we face, for power is multi-faceted. Foucault investigates two types of intensity in detail: sovereign and disciplinary. So let us inspect one by one. As Foucault portrays in the initial segment of Discipline and Punish, sovereign force is that structure communicated in unmistakable manners through specific and recognizable people. The hubs of this type of intensity are the ruler, the sovereign, and the operators thereof. These people are obvious operators of intensity, known by others and without anyone else to be such. Sovereign force is likewise embodied by the discontinuity with which it is worked out. It evaluates charges, implements the law by demanding punishments for infringement thereof, brings armed forces up in time of war, etc. In any case, every one of these situations where sovereign force flexes is discrete; it acts in light of a specific situation and through a particular and recognizable operator or set of specialists. At the point when sovereign force works, we realize that we have been followed up on, in what ways, and by whom. The supplement to this is the understanding that the vast majority of ones life is outside the ability to control of the sovereign. It is increasingly hard to learn the exact idea of disciplinary force since one of its distinctive highlights is the quickness and delicacy with which it acts, in this manner rendering it generously less obvious than sovereign force. Quickly, we can state three contrasts: (1) sovereign force works through explicit noticeable operators; disciplinary force is diffuse in its activity, originating from all over the place and following up on everybody; (2) in light of its perceivability, sovereign force is helpless to opposition, while disciplinary force, undetectable and all-unavoidable, is hard to find, and accordingly hard to oppose; and (3) while sovereign force influences just a little bit of a people life, disciplinary force influences for all intents and purposes all parts of living, exposing everybody to the chance of observation consistently. As a matter of first importance, the disciplinary society controls not through the immediate utilization of intensity by the sovereign or his specialist, yet through a generic and undetectable look. The proficiency of disciplinary force is firmly identified with its imperceptibility contrasted and the noticeable sovereign. For disciplinary capacity to be viable, it is the subject, not the force, which must be seen. This relationship of perceivability and intangibility is complementary; for the subject to be restrained, it must be obvious, in any event conceivably, to the disciplinary look, and realize that itself will generally be; simultaneously, the look should really be imperceptible with the goal that it is powerful in any event, when it isn't really turned on a person. Its totalizing power lies definitely in its general possibility, joined with the inconceivability of undeniable nature. The subsequent preferred position picked up when the prevailing type of intensity moved from sovereign to disciplinary outcomes from the key components of its adequacy: gentility, speed, and nuance, which result in invisibility.5 This intangibility of disciplinary force makes opposition and additionally rebel against it significantly more uncertain and more troublesome than was the situation with sovereign force. This is essentially on the grounds that there is no single or obvious locus of disciplinary force against which to coordinate ones opposition; disciplinary force is basically everywhere.6 In one sense, this may appear to make obstruction simpler there are such a large number of chances to stand up to. .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 , .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .postImageUrl , .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 , .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:hover , .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:visited , .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:active { border:0!important; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:active , .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u a5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925 cc551d2d612f673 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ua5ece038e14dd1925cc551d2d612f673:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Objections to the principal definition of Kant's Cate Essay But power .

Six Little Things That Mae a Big Difference

If somebody somehow managed to ask you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ what things in life truly have a major effect in people’s lives?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦What would you say? I wager a few people will say, well, for one, cash has a major effect. Others may state, well, family has a major effect. What's more, still others may state that instruction has a major effect. I surmise there would be the same number of various reactions as the quantity of people inquired. In this way, that on the off chance that I would ask 1000 people I may get 1000 unique things that would have a major effect in people’s lives. I invested some energy processing this inquiry over as far as I could tell, and in the wake of taking out a portion of similar reactions you and numerous others would make, similar to cash, training, family, and so on., I thought of the accompanying 6 things that have a major effect. Before I give you my rundown, let me rush to state that cash isn't on my rundown. Cash isn't something or other that have a major effect basically in light of the fact that cash has an unpretentious method of demolishing things for such a significant number of individuals. More individuals have gotten a great deal of cash just to, after a brief time, become so connected to their cash that others become old and insignificant to them. Instruction in like manner has made a few people carry on like extremists and egocentric, smarty pants individuals who instead of empower individuals drive individuals away. In this way, training isn't on my rundown. Nor is family on my rundown, since family, while urgently critical to us, is that default thing that everybody has and needs†¦family is consistently there having any kind of effect in our lives! It is those seemingly insignificant details that have such a major effect. What's more, regular we have various chances to rehearse those seemingly insignificant details with enough capacity to impact people’s lives. At the point when these easily overlooked details are polished they produce great outcomes for you! Indeed, here’s my rundown of the things that have a major effect in your life: 1. State â€Å"Masha Danki,† †¦Ã¢â‚¬ Thank You!† Would you trust it, such a little thing, yet when utilized has an amazing and significant impact on everybody around you! Appreciation is a ground-breaking power that can change the person who says it; and it changes the person who gets it. Appreciation from the heart, communicated submissively, recuperates as it acclaims. Next time your trash specialist from Serlimar stops by to get your trash, look at him without flinching and state â€Å"Thank you for taking my trash away,† and watch what occurs! I ensure that your trash assortment administration from that point on will out of nowhere become the best on your whole road! We have to quit underestimating things and begin being thankful and discernibly offer thanks regular. It is one of those easily overlooked details that have durable positive repercussions! A demeanor of appreciation and of saying â€Å"Thanks† can transform yourself for the better for ever and it can change the lives of those to whom you express it. 2. Be Kind and give Grace: Listen to that old woman disclose to her long story as you endeavor to rush out the store with your food supplies. It might mean being somewhat late for your next stop, yet your thoughtfulness in simply tuning in to that senior resident will give you a more prominent feeling of network, empathy and thankfulness for other people; and it will altogether quiet YOU down when you're feeling focused and rushed. Someone said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Kindness extends, and it occupies the space with altruism and cooperation.† So, the second seemingly insignificant detail that has a gigantic effect is being caring, that’s a state of the brain. Also, giving grace is a state of the brain put into real practice! 3. Listen Attentively: God favored us with two ears and one mouth, and we should utilize them in that extent. Listening causes you to show up all the more beguiling, as well, so there's a reward. We have two ears with which to tune in. Two, and not one, since we are relied upon to listen well. One mouth, since we should talk less. At the point when you listen mindfully you’ll be astonished how well you interface with the other individual. The other individual will make the most of your essence and feel thrilled with your consideration. There is enchantment in acceptable tuning in, the enchantment of comprehension, of network, of affinity and positive attitude.

Fall 2012 Admission Notes COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fall 2012 Admission Notes COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog If you are a prospective student you might have noticed a trend in the blog posts over the past few months.   For the most part blog posts in the late spring and summer are directed at those that have applied and received admission to the program.   Much of the blog content will still be geared in this direction throughout the summer, however information regarding the application process is going to start becoming more prevalent, especially near the end of the summer. There never is really a slow time in our office, we are always busy and much of the summer is spent preparing for the next admission season.   The summer tasks we are engaged in include making updates to our application, getting our computer systems set up, and planning our recruitment schedule.   Here are just a few notes on the application process for fall 2012 admission. First, SIPA no longer offers spring admission.   If you are interested in applying to SIPA you must submit an application for fall consideration.   The application deadline for fall admission will be January 5th, 2012 and the application will open on September 1st, 2011. Spring admission involved some complications that did not result in the most satisfying student experience so the Admissions Committee made the decision to do away with spring admission. Second, I will be posting announcements regarding the application over the summer.   For example, the Admissions Committee is discussing changes to the personal statement questions and when we have decided on what questions to ask, I will post an update on the blog. Third, representatives of SIPA will be engaging in both domestic and international travel in the fall.   When the travel schedule firms up I will post updates here as well. Fourth, when summer wraps up and students return from their internships, we will feature a number of entries written by students that should provide great insight into the professional development aspect of SIPA. All this and more will be sprinkled in over the summer and early fall so stay tuned.   On a final note and as mentioned above, we hope to have our new application live on September 1st.   If you wish to get an idea of the requirements, click here for a recap of the process last year.   We will be changing a few things but for the most part the process will remain similar.

Different Models of Change Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2711 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Critical essay Did you like this example? Introduction This paper provides a critical discussion of the different models of change management with a focus on the models proposed by Kurt Lewin (1958), John Kotter (1995) and the McKinsey 7S model (1982) developed by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman. Understanding Change Given the wide diversity in the nature and type of change experienced by individuals and organisations, no single definition of change exists. However, there is a general consensus that change is a constant feature of organisational life (Bamford and Daniel, 2005), and that it is constantly increasing in terms of its frequency, magnitude and unpredictability (Burnes, 2009). Jones (2007) defined organisational change as the way in which organisations move from one state to another to increase their effectiveness, and Greenan (2003) stated that it involves a re-distribution of power, information and skills. Similarly, Saif et al (2013) assert that effective change management is essential for organisational development and ultimately survival, and yet studies have shown that around 60% of change initiatives fail (CIPD, 2015) Signià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cant work has been done to characterise the nature of change, the forces that drive it and the processes through which it can be achieved, and this has resulted in a number of models and theories that claim to capture change (Saif et al, 2013). All approaches, however, are dependent to some extent on the wider strategic and environmental context in which an organisation operates. According to Pettigrew et al (1992) this context is the why and when of change and takes account of the external context such as the current political, economic and social environment, and also the internal contextual factors such as organisational culture, structure and capabilities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Different Models of Change Management" essay for you Create order Lewins 3 Step Change Model One of the most widely recognised of these change models was provided by Kurt Lewin (1958) who became the pioneer of planned change with the introduction of his three-step change model in the 1950s. The steps in this model include: unfreezing- where the current equilibrium is destabilised to allow any old behaviours to be discarded and the desired new behaviours to be adopted; moving where individuals are supported to move from less acceptable to more acceptable behaviours through different change initiatives; and re-freezing where the new behaviours become embedded in every-day practice to allow stability at a new equilibrium as shown in Figure 1: Figure 1 Lewins 3-Step Change Model Source: Carpenter, Bauer and Erdogen, 2009 According to Cameron and Green (2009), Lewins model provides a useful tool for those considering organisational change, particularly when used in conjunction with his force field analysis technique which provides a focus for management teams to debate the resisting and driving forces for change. They claim that through using this model, a team can quickly move on to identifying the next steps in the change process. However, Lewins model has attracted major criticism in that it assumes that organisations operate within a stable environment, it is a top-down approach, and fails to give consideration to issues around organisational power and politics (Burnes, 2004). In addition, its linear approach has been found to be too inflexible in certain scenarios such as in times of instability and uncertainty in the external and internal environment (Bamford and Forrester, 2003). In addition, it has been claimed that such a model is only relevant to incremental and isolated change projects which therefore makes it unable to tackle transformational change (Dawson, 1994). Kotters 8 Step Model Lewins model has been adapted and re-created in many different forms (McWhinney, 1992). In particular, the work of John Kotter (1995) can easily be mapped against Lewins model (Higgs and Rowand, 2005), but instead provides a more practical eight-step approach to change management (Todnem By, 2005). Kotter initially developed his change model by observing for-profit businesses, but it is claimed that it has applicability to public and third sector organisations also (Nitta et al, 2009). Kotters model was based upon his observations of the main mistakes made in organisations which were seeking to transform themselves and he proposed eight key steps to success (see Figure 2): Figure 2 Kotters 8 Step Model Source: Adapted from: Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2009 Within Kotters model, the different steps are: Step 1: Increase Urgency: according to Bond (2007) this first step is important in generating the activation energy to start the process of change. External pressures can help to achieve this sense of urgency such as legislative forces or threat of new competition. Kotter (1998) claimed that failure to adequately complete this step is one of the most frequent causes of failure overall. Step 2: Build the Guiding Team: with the sufficient power and influence to lead the change (Appelbaum et al, 2012). Step 3: Get the Right Vision: that clearly articulates what the change is, why it is needed and how it will be achieved. Step 4: Communicate Buy In: by telling all key stakeholders in a range of different ways the what, why and how of the change, so that they understand and support the change initiative. Step 5: Empower Action: by facilitating individuals to support the change. Successful change usually requires sufficient resources to support and empower the process (Fernandez and Rainey, 2006). Step 6: Create Short Term Wins: and giving recognition for the work done. Short-term wins provide visible evidence that the change is worth it and justified. Acknowledging these successes builds morale and momentum whilst also gaining crucial buy-in (Gupta, 2011). Step 7: Dont Let Up: consolidate the gains achieved and create further momentum by developing people as change agents (Appelbaum et al, 2012). Step 8: Make it Stick: and anchor the change within the culture of the organisation. According to Fernandez and Rainey (2006), for change to be enduring, members of the organisation must incorporate the new practices into their daily routine. Kotters model is generally considered to provide a practical and logical approach to managing change, and has been found to have a high level of appeal amongst managers with it still being used extensively today (Cameron and Green, 2009). However, despite this it has been criticised for a number of reasons. One of the key criticisms is that there is a lack of follow through and that it peaks too early (Cameron and Green, 2004). Other critics suggest that this approach is based on an often unfounded assumption that individuals will resist change (Kelman, 2005), and that where resistance does occur, there is insufficient explanation of the reasons why (King and Anderson, 2002). In addition, Sidorko (2008) argues that Kotter makes no concessions to the fact that his model is ordered sequentially and that all steps must be followed. He claims that from his study of organisational change and the use of the model, there is often a need to build multiple guiding coalitions on multiple occ asions which is something that Kotter fails to acknowledge. Both Lewins and Kotters models focus specifically on planned change and it is this factor that is the target of most criticism. It is claimed that their models are inadequate in a range of circumstances, particularly where the given change is just one of a multiplicity of changes happening within the organisation (Carnall, 2007). Similarly, other critics argue that change cannot be viewed as a linear sequence which can be applied to processes that are in reality messy and untidy (Buchanan and Storey, 1997). McKinsey 7S The McKinsey 7S Model was developed in the early 1980s by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman. It is differentiated from other change theories as instead of proposing steps that must be taken in a particular order, the framework looks at the separate elements and how well they work and interact with each other). The 7S in the model describes the seven variables, termed levers which form the framework (Peters and Waterman, 1982), as shown in Figure 3: Figure 3 The McKinsey 7S Model Source: Jurevicius, 2013 In Figure 3, it can be seen that the seven S variables include: Strategy: which is the plan that is formulated to sustain competitive advantage Structure: which is the way the organisation is structured and its reporting mechanisms Systems: are the daily activities employees undertake to get the job done Shared Values: are the organisations core values that are demonstrated in the corporate culture Style: refers to the leadership style adopted Staff: are the employees Skills: the skills and competencies of the individual employees. Shared Values are located in the centre of the model, to highlight that these are central to the development of all the other critical components, and the seven interdependent factors which are categorised as either hard or soft elements. The hard elements are easier to identify and can be directly influenced including strategy, structure and systems. The soft elements are much less tangible and are more influenced by organisational culture. One of the benefits of the model is that is can be used to understand how the different organisational elements are interconnected and so how a change in one area can impact on the others. To be effective, an organisation must have a high degree of internal alignment amongst all of the seven Ss each must be consistent with and reinforce the others (Saif et al, 2013). In addition, according to Rasiel and Friga (2002), the benefits of the McKinsey 7S model include the fact that it provides a diagnostic tool for managers to identify areas that are ineffective and combines the rational and hard elements of organisations alongside the softer, more emotional elements. Criticisms of the McKinsey 7S model, however, claim that it does not offer any guidance on how to proceed once any areas of non-alignment have been identified (Grant, 2008). In addition, Bhatti (2011) argues that the model fails to take account of the importance of resources. Without additional resources such as finance, information, technology, and the time, any change initiative cannot be effectively implemented (Higgins, 2005). Discussion According to Sidorko (2008) all of these change models have a role to play in supporting organisational change, but advises that they must be implemented cautiously and complemented with effective leadership. He claims that without such leadership, the models are merely a strict prescription for change that may not fit the organisations needs and which may result in more harm than good. He claims that instead of applying such change models prescriptively, they should instead be used selectively and adaptively to accommodate the culture and environment of the organisation. This view is supported by Graetz and Smith (2010) who claim that in practice, it may be useful to account for contextual variables and adapt chosen change models accordingly. MacBryde et al (2014) claim that change models such as those examined in this paper, are too abstract for practical application, and are generalised to the extent where they are at risk of missing the actual detail of what is happening. A further criticism of change management models in general, is that there is a lack of evaluation built into the process and yet critics claim that such evaluation is key to successful and sustainable change (Moran and Brightman, 2000). Conclusion In conclusion, this paper has provided a critical discussion of some of the most commonly cited change management models. It is evident that all three have been considered to have some practical benefit in terms of aiding the process of change in organisations and our understanding of it, and across all three models, it is clear that there is a high level of commonality amongst them. However they have all been subjected to criticism due to their abstract nature. It has been argued that they oversimplify the process of change, lack evaluation, and do not take sufficient account of the often turbulent business context and environment in which organisational change occurs. In addition, it is clear that no matter how robust the change model, it will be ineffectual unless complemented by effective leadership. It has been proposed that given this, change models such as those provided by Lewin, Kotter and the McKinsey 7S, should be used as a guide rather than a panacea, and applied flexibly to best match the culture and environment of the organisation and the nature of the change itself. References Appelbaum, S.H., Habashy, S., Malo, J.L. and Shafiq, H. (2012) Back to the future: revisiting Kotters 1996 change model, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 31 (8), pp. 764-782. Bamford, D. and Daniel, S. (2005) A Case Study of Change Management Effectiveness within the NHS, Journal of Change Management, Vol. 5 (4), pp. 391-406. Bamford, D.R. and Forrester, P.L. (2003) Managing planned and emergent change within an operations management environment, International Journal of Operations and Production Management, Vol. 23 (5), pp. 546 564. Bhatti, O.K. (2011) Strategy Implementation: An Alternative Choice of 8Ss, Annals of Management Research, Vol. 1 (2), pp. 52-59. Bond, M.A. (2007) Workplace chemistry: promoting diversity through organizational change, New England: University Press of New England. Buchanan, D. A. and Storey, J. (1997). Role-taking and role-switching in organizational change: the four pluralities. In McLoughlin, I. and Harris, M. (Eds), Innovation , Organizational Change and Technology. London: International Thompson. Burnes, B. (2009) Managing Change. 5th edn. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited. Burnes, B. (2004) Kurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 41 (6), pp. 977-1002. Cameron, E. and Green, M. (2004) Making Sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools techniques of organizational change, London: Kogan Page Publishers. Carnall, C. A. (2007) Managing Change in Organizations. Essex: Person Education. Carpenter, M., Bauer, T. and Erdogen, B (2009) Principles of Management, Flat World Knowledge available at: Available at: https://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/NC/B0/B58/047MB58.html CIPD. (2015). Change Management, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Available at: https://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/change-management.aspx [accessed 22 May 2015]. Dawson, P. (1994) Organizational Change: A Processual Approach. Paul Chapman Publishing: London. Day, G. and Leggat, S. (2015) Leading and managing health services, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Department for Children, Schools and Families. (2009) Change Management Models. Available at: https://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/strategy/deliveringservices/servicedirectories/models/changemanagementmodels/ Fernandez, S. and Rainey, H. G. (2006) Managing Successful Organisational Change in the Public Sector, Public Administration Review, Vol. 66 (2), pp.168-176. Grant, P. (2008) The productive ward round: a critical analysis of organisational change, The International Journal of Clinical Leadership, Vol.16 (4), pp. 193-201. Graetz, F. and Smith, A.C.T. (2010), Managing organizational change: a philosophies of change approach, Journal of Change Management, Vol. 10 (2), pp. 135-154. Greenan, N. (2003) Organisational change, technology, employment and skills: an empirical study of French manufacturing, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 27 (2), pp. 287-316. Gupta, P. (2011) Leading Innovation Change The Kotter Way, International Journal of Innovation Science, Vol. 3 (3), pp. 141-149. Higgs, M. and Rowland, D. (2005) All Changes Great and Small: Exploring Approaches to Change and its Leadership, Journal of Change Management, Vol. 5 (2), pp.121-151. Higgins. J.M. (2005) The Eight Ss of Successful Strategy Execution, Journal of Change Management, Vol. 5 (1), pp. 3-13. Jones, G.R. (2007) Organisational Theory, Design, and Change, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Jurevicius, O. (2013) McKinsey 7s Model. Available at: https://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/tools/mckinsey-7s-model-framework.html Kelman, S. (2005) Unleashing change: A study of organizational renewal in government, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. King, M. and Anderson, N. (2002) Managing Innovation and Change, Sydney: Thomson. Kotter, J.P. (1995) Leading Change: Why Transformation Effort s Fail, Harvard Business Review, March-April, pp. 59-67. Kotter, J.P. (1998) Winning at Change, Leader to Leader, Vol.10, pp.27-33. Lewin, K. (1958) Group decisions and social change. In Swanson, G.E., Newcomb, T.M. and Nartley, E.L. (Eds), Readings in Social Psychology, Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, New York, NY. MacBryde, J., Paton, S., Bayliss, M. and Grant, N. (2014) Transformation in the defence sector: The critical role of performance measurement, Management Accounting Research, Vol. 25 (2), pp. 157-172. McWhinney, W. (1992) Paths of change, Newbury Park: Sage. Moran, J. and Brightman, B. (2000), Leading organisational change, Journal of Workplace Learning, Vol. 12 (2), pp. 66-74. Nitta, K.A., Wrobel, S.L., Howard, J.Y. and Jimmerson-Eddings, E. (2009) Leading Change of a School District Reorganization, Public Performance and Management Review, Vol.32 (3), pp. 463-488. Peters, T. and Waterman, R. H. (1982). In search of excellence. New York, NY: Harper and Rowe. Pettigrew, A.,Ferlie, E. McKee, L. (1992). Shaping strategic change: making change in large organizations, the case of the National Health Service. London: Sage. Rasiel, E.M. and Friga, P.N. (2002) The McKinsey Mind, US: McGraw-Hill. Saif, N., Razzaq, N., Rehman, S.U., Javed, A. and Ahmad, B. (2013) The concept of change management in todays business world, Information and Knowledge Management, Vol. 3 (6), pp. 28-33. Sidorko, P.E. (2008), Transforming library and higher education support services: can change models help?, Library Management, Vol. 29 (4/5), pp. 307-318. Todnem By, R. (2005) Organisational Change Management: A Critical Review, Journal of Change Management, Vol. 5 (4), pp. 369-380.

The Barbie Unapologetic Hashtag Used For Promote Sports...

Nataly Rivera Professor Baralt WGSS 101 June 13, 2016 #Unapologetic The advertisement I chose was the Barbie unapologetic hashtag used to promote the Sports Illustrated cover featuring Barbie. The campaign featuring Barbie was seen as empowering to young girls but it still brought controversy. Barbie is seen sporting an iPad and knee-high dress which I believe exemplifies female oppression. Women have been treated as objects for most of their lives because often times we do not see it and it seems normal. Most people overlook the smallest details and if they open their eyes, they could truly understand the purpose of any advertisement displayed in magazines or in commercials. Advertisement executives have always used the female body to sell their products when it is not even related to product. Mattel is trying to do for Barbie what Sports Illustrated has sought to do which is leave behind attitudes of attractive women in bathing suits and compare Barbie to popular women who were once on the issues and were celebrated for their accomplishments as ent repreneurs and career women. The campaign is centered on the 50th anniversary edition of the issue where Barbie represents a doll version of the magazine’s wearing a new version of her white and black striped swimsuit she wore in 1959. Hashtag â€Å"unapologetic† was the theme of the campaign which was used to keep up with the popular internet just as Dove used the selfie as a marketing brand. Barbie has always sparked up controversy

Social Worker Field Free Essays

Name: Monique Headley Course/Section: BEHS453 6980 Project #1 Paper Social Work is a profession for those with a strong desire to help improve people’s lives. Social workers assist people by helping them cope with and solve problems they may have in their daily lives, such as family and personal problems and dealing with relationships. Social workers assist can be child, family, and school social workers. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Worker Field or any similar topic only for you Order Now They all provide social services and assistance to improve the social and psychological functioning of children and families. Some social workers specialize with child protective services, adoption agencies, or foster care. In this particular situation, I interviewed a friend of mine’s social worker Ms. Ayunda. A social worker serves as the link between the child and families. She addressed problems such as the child misbehavior, family problems, parent drug problem, family abuse, etc. Ms. Ayunda has been a social worker for 6 years. She has worked as a Social Worker for Child and Family Services Agency in Washington, DC. Her duties include, working a 40 hour week and some weekends meeting with clients, attending meetings, and coordinating services to help assist with the child or family. Ms. Ayunda is a family social worker. She provides social services and assistance to families. She keeps a record and history of all family updates, concerns, interests, and conflicts. If any abuse or neglect is present, she reports it to child protective services, and from there a resolution happens. Sometimes a child will be placed with a foster home, foster care, or adoption agency depending on their home situation. It has to be hard as a social worker to deal with people’s behavior, children feelings, and emotions. You must have to emotionally be strong and ready to handle anything in this career field. The academic training that prepared Ms. Ayunda for her Social Worker career was first receiving a bachelor’s degree in Social Work. Then she received her master’s degree in social work after 2 years where she concentrated on her chosen field. That helped her develop the skills required to perform clinical assessments, manage large caseloads, take on supervisory roles, and a way on how to explore things upon a client’s need. Ms. Ayunda then got her license in DC MD, which is a requirement for social work practice and the use of professional titles. Also, Ms. Ayunda stressed that as a social worker you have to be strong, responsible, willing to work independently, and able to communicate well with your clients and colleagues. Right now I am pursuing my BA degree in Psychology. My interest is Social Worker now and I will defiantly look into this. The reason why Ms. Ayunda became a social worker is because she wants to make a positive impact on someone’s life. She is furthering a cause that she is passionate about and she wants to help countless others overcome comparable obstacles. There are so many stories and situations she witnessed of children being abused and neglected in their homes or parents struggling and can’t afford to take care of their child. She even runs into families who parent(s) are on drugs. To make a change and to be that person to make that change is an honor. The challenges that she has faced were when she had to take action and have CPT take children from their home because their parents were on drugs, neglected their child, abused them, or another serious issue. Few parents spoke harsh words to her and acted very violent. Even the child will not speak to her because they felt as though it was her fault they were taken away or they didn’t want to get in trouble by their parent. The child will be crying for their parents and it is just a situation that you never want to happen because you don’t want to break up a home or separate a child from their parent. As far as balancing your work with your life responsibilities beyond work Ms. Ayunda just recognize her boundaries and separate her professional and personal lives. That has to be so hard to see and witness a child’s pain and their parent’s pain. I really felt for Ms. Ayunda at that moment when she mentioned the challenges she faced. In one case a mother was on drugs, had bi-polar, and was schizophrenic. The mother had a 9 year old son and the case opened when she had an episode walking with her son on the highway into traffic and saying that she was going to kill herself. Someone reported other things to Child Protective Services that the mother neglects the child and he stays out real late at time. The mother did have drugs in her system when tested. For the fact that the mother was using illegal drugs and had a psychological sickness made her even worst. The 9 year old mother was not herself when she did drugs or didn’t take her medication. When you are on drugs you tend to abuse your child and when they interviewed the boy he did mention that his mother abused him. It was not the form of punishment abuse, but she would hit him obsessively to a point he will have marks on him. The boy even came to school with a black eye the next day he got suspended from school. When he got suspended he was scared to go home. They put the boy in counseling and some days he would not speak to the counselors scared he will get in trouble by his mother if he does. There were many more episodes that occurred and the child had to be taken from Child Protective Services. Family violence is an act by a member of a family or household against another member of the family or household that is intended to result in physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or sexual assault, or that is a threat that reasonably places the member in fear of imminent physical harm or bodily injury (Gosselin, 2010, pp. 31). Child abuse and child neglect is defined as any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act, which presents an imminent risk of serious harm (Gosselin, 2010, pp. 93-94). A child that is being physically abused behavior indicators is withdrawal, aggressiveness, frightens of parents, afraid to go home, reports of injury by parents (Module 3). In Ms. Ayunda case the child was abused by his mother and hurtful things were said to him as well. Emotional abuse plays a role in the mother and 9 year old boy’s case. Emotional abuse includes excessive, aggressive, or unreasonable parental behavior that places demands on a child to perform beyond his or her capabilities (Module 3). The signs of emotional abuse are uncommunicative behavior, unreasonable fearful or suspicious, lack of interest in social contacts, or evasiveness (Gosselin, 2010). I think that a lot of hurt is said to a child when their parents are using drugs and also are bi-polar/schizophrenic because they are not themselves. The mother’s background explains a lot. My friend was abused by her son’s father and she was raped by her uncle when she was in her young teens. Her mother’s mother was schizophrenic, so that was a genetic psychological behavior that passed to her. A lot of times when you do not get counseling and you are raped at a young age it can really mess you up. Some people turn to drugs because they think that drug’s heals them, makes them feel better, and forget their problems. Really they need to receive psychological help or counseling. It looks like the boy’s mother went through a lot and as she got older she got worst. Now, her son is receiving counseling and I think that is good because the things his mother done to him, around him, and him being taken away from his family really can affect him. After reading the Modules and Textbook I came across that the boy was being neglected by his mother. Neglect is defined as failure or refusal to provide care or services for your child when there is an obligation to do so (Gosselin, 2010). Neglect is one of the primary types of family violence in the textbook. When you leave a young child unsupervised or unattended that can be considered as neglect and many people do not look at it like that (Gosselin, 2010). Module 3 describes three types of neglect and how child neglect is the failure to provide for the child’s basic needs. In this case the mother was doing self-neglect. The mother was refusing to take her medications for her psychological behavior and using drugs in her household which makes it an unsafe living condition because she could flip out on her child, go crazy, or not be herself. She is unable to pay her bills or manage her finances due to her addiction. Personally, I have learned a lot from the interview and from the readings. I think that the readings related to the case situation that the social worker mentioned. Child protective services were involved in this case. I think that they made the right decision into getting the 9 year old boy into their custody. If he stayed with his mother any longer he would not have got counseling, psychological help, and he would be pretty messed up. Some young children show behavioral issues or act out when they go through family or household problems. As a social worker it must be hard to get involved in situations and cases like those. References Gosselin, D. (2010). An Introduction to the Crimes of Family Abuse. History of Violence in the Family, 4, 31-56. Gosselin, D. (2010). An Introduction to the Crimes of Family Abuse. Child Abuse, 4, 85-112. Module 3 Commentary: Domestic Violence: Children, the Youngest Victims. How to cite Social Worker Field, Papers

Lord Of Flies Essay Example For Students

Lord Of Flies Essay The film, released in 1963, is the tale of a group of upscale Britishschoolchildren who are being flown out of London to the supposed safety of theSouth Pacific before war erupts. Their airplane crashes and the lads are left tofend for themselves on a remote island. The storyline takes the boys frominnocence to savagery. The film did not receive rave reviews from critics. The film version takes away some of the creative imagination that comes fromreading the story, but its images are as shocking as one might imagine little boys turned into violent savages(Webster, Apollo Guide). The reviewscould be in part from the inexperience of the actors. The little boys werealmost all non-actors whose parents volunteered them for the job out of respectfor the book (Webster, Apollo Guide). However, Peter Brook did an excellentjob of depicting the possible outcome of the situation with which the childrenare faced. This film shows human nature in its truest form. Society is facedwith people who are vulnerable to others, those who are capable of making theright decisions, and some who feel the need to violate the rules. Piggy,portrayed by Hugh Edwards, is the most vulnerable character. At the beginning,he makes the mistake of divulging his nickname. Piggy seems to be intelligentand sensible, but lacking the confidence in himself to put it to use. Jackbelittles Piggy throughout the film. He continuously calls him Fatty andat one point slaps him in the face, which causes his glasses to break. Piggysonly hope is the friendship of Ralph, who betrayed him at the beginning, only toeventually become his best friend. Piggy never succumbed to the savagery of theothers. In his last words, What is it better to be, a bunch of savages likeyou are, or sensible like Ralph is, he proves that it is possible for someoneto remain themselves and not succumb to the pressures of others. Piggy is thesymbol of rationality and adult society. Ralph is the character who always triedthe orderly approach. Throughout the film, he tried to care for the others andbe the leader that the younger children needed. However, Ralphs leadership isdoomed from the start. Jacks resentment of losing the election is evidence ofthe upcoming trouble that Ralph will face. He seems to notice signs of rebellionafter the first pig roast. When the plane flew over and the fire was out, hisencount er with Jack signaled the breakup of the group. Ralphs last appeal atcivility came after Jack took the conch away from Piggy and Ralph said, Youare breaking the rules. The rules are the only thing we got! Ralph continuedthroughout the film to stand by Piggy and the younger children. Even after mostof the children left his group, Ralph still had respect for their well being. Jack is the antagonist of the film. From the beginning, he is upset about losingthe election and resents anyone who did not vote for him. He continues to act asif he is in charge. He continually belittles the other children and leads theolder boys towards savagery. Jack eventually splits the group and forms his owntribe. They paint themselves like savages and begin to chant and havewarlike dances. Jack seems to become more violent as his power increases AfterSimon was killed, he defended the slaying by telling the others that it was thebeast disguised as Simon. Jack seemed to have turned into a dictator toward theend of the film. He is shown having the smaller children whipped; his crueltyeventually led to the murderous search for Ralph. This film shows the viewerseveral different personalities, all of which are in our society. It shows thevariety of people who are forced to live in the same world. Goldings novelis the sort of fable that could shock only those who believe in the onwa rdnessof civilization, as some still did in those days. At the time of its publication(1954), attempts were made to find political messages in it, but today it seemsmore like a sad prophecy of what is happening in neighborhoods ruled by drugs. .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca , .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca .postImageUrl , .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca , .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca:hover , .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca:visited , .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca:active { border:0!important; } .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca:active , .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub4c177a7d1a59da31da607d11dd500ca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Parts and Functions of Macromedia Flash EssayWhat week goes by without another story of a Ralph gunned down by a Jack?(Ebert, Chicago Sun Times). It opens the eyes of the viewer for the necessity oflaws and the need for their enforcement. It would be a sad time when the Jacksof the world could overpower the Ralphs. BibliographyWebster, Brian. Apollo Guide Review Available: (WWW) http://apolloguide.com/mov_print.asp?CID=1984Ebert, Roger. Chicago Sun-Times Available: (WWW) http://www.suntimes.com/ebert/ebert_reviews/1990/03/536630.htmlLord of the Flies. Director Peter Brook. Continental Distributing, 1963Cinema and Television

Chinas Economic Development

C++

C++ Origins of C++What are C++ and OOP?C++ is an advanced, high-level programming language ("Computer languages") that is used to develop powerful applications for Microsoft ® Windows ®, many Linux environments, and other well-known and widely used operating systems. C++ is quickly becoming the standard language for commercial software development (Oualline).OOP, an abbreviation for object-oriented programming is simply code that "attempts to place a new layer of abstraction between the programmer and the data he is working with ... this layer will help the programmer develop better code more quickly than he could do before." (McHale). OOP languages must include four fundamental concepts before it may reasonably be defined as object-oriented (O-O): encapsulation, polymorphism, inheritance and the ability to be dynamic (McHale).Where did C++ come from?C++ was designed and implemented by Bjarne Stroustrup who works for ATT Bell Labs as head of the Large-Scale Program Research departmen t where he is heavily involved with the evolution of his product (Duffy, 98).Object-Oriented Programming Influence GraphHis development, originally called "C with classes" was a marriage between a language called Simula67 with object-orientated features and C, which was powerful and efficient in its design.FortranJohn Backus at IBM developed Fortran in 1956. Fortran, an abbreviation and acronym for FORmula TRANslation system, is generally considered to be the first high-level programming language. Fortran is, even today, a language of choice among programmers, its latest release, Fortran 90, in 1990. Early versions of this language would be largely criticized today [there were a few problems like the program layout, which had to obey certain criteria like an 80 character maximum line (the length "of a punch card on which the programs were often written") (Parsons) and the first six columns were reserved for labels and comments, denoted by the keyword C]; however, this language influ enced...

Patrick Henry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Patrick Henry - Research Paper Example His Childhood Patrick Henry was born on May 29, 1736 to a Scottish-born planter in Studley in Hanover County, Virginia. He was the second born in a family of nine and began attending a local school few years after birth. However, he is reported to have received much of his education from his father, alumni of King’s College in Aberdeen. He is reported to have been a brilliant musical child who liked playing flute and fiddle. At the same time, he used to escort his uncle to religious sermons, where he is thought to have molded his great oratory style (Soylent Communications, 2012). Henry is said to have been a very ambitious boy who knew what is good for him. He began working at the age of 15 when he secured a job as a clerk at a nearby merchant store. However, he later partnered with his elder brother with whom they opened their own store. Nevertheless, the business was not successful as it collapsed few months after opening. It is here that Henry had the first experience of f ailure in his life. He met his wife Sarah Shelton in 1754, who paid him a 600-acre piece of land in the form of a dowry. Henry then resorted to farming by growing tobacco in this piece of land, something that he did for three years before bowing for lack of good returns. Immediately after abandoning farming, a misfortune befallen Henry when their farmhouse caught fire destroying everything they owned. As a result, he opted to take over the management of his father-in-law’s tavern where he got money to study law. He soon got a law license in 1760 after which he began practicing as a lawyer (Raphael, 2004). Politician and Lawyer Henry demonstrated his brilliance a persuasive lawyer soon after beginning his law practice, which made his very famous and reputable lawyer in the entire state of Virginia. This he argued and won a "Parson's Cause" case in 1763, which was meant to change the way church leaders were being paid in the U.S. However, King George III later overturned the la w prompting one of the clergy to sue for back pay thereby wining the case. However, it was Henry’s persuasive argument against the minister’s a move that made the clergy be paid damages. In the case, Henry pointed out high level of royal interference and greed on legal decisions. In the end, he managed to persuade the jury to award the lowest possible award to church ministers (Soylent Communications, 2012). He later developed an interest in politics and was soon elected to the House of Burgesses. His election to the House of Burgesses gave him the opportunity to prove himself as a voice of dissent against the colonial policies pursued by the British government. His radical voice of opposition against the British policies was first witnessed when he strongly opposed the British move to tax every printed-paper used by the colonists through the Stamp Act of 1765. He argued during the debate that only the colony should be allowed to tax its citizens and not the vice versa . In fact, some members in the house are reported to have cited Henry’s comments as treason, but Henry being a courageous man stood his ground. Report indicates that his suggestion on how the matter should be handled received wide media coverage in the U.S. and beyond, as copies to his suggestions were later distributed to colonies, which helped in inciting people against the Briti

Narcotics in the 3rd World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Narcotics in the 3rd World - Essay Example It is a well known fact that Colombia is the only country in the world where the three main plant based illegal drugs are produced in significant amounts and it is involved in illegal drug production, international smuggling and marketing. In the 1980s Colombia became the largest cocaine producer in the world and in the 90s it also became the largest coca grower nation. Additionally, it is also said to produce and supply the major share of heroin consumed in the USA and exports illegal marijuana. In the past few decades illegal drug production and trafficking in Colombia has signed the country’s history. In fact it can be said that in no other country in the history of the world in this illegal market of drugs has had so dramatic social, political and economic effects. The lack of proper policy system to control this market has been a major drawback in Colombia and has contributed greatly to changes in institutions and values. This market has been used to generate funds for left and right wing armed actors of the indefinite war experienced in the country (Thoumi, 2002). These are some of the major reasons that Colombia drug system is so unstable compared to the other countries. Drug-trafficking capital continues to exercise substantial power and influence in Colombia and internationally. This is mainly because Colombia is able to meet its need for raw materials to be processed into psychoactive substances for which there is a demand in world markets (Vargas, 2000). Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan form the Golden Cescent countries. Golden Triangle countries include Laos, Thailand and Myanmar and these are the regions responsible for the majority of opium, heroin and cocaine production. In fact though these groups financed their needs through drug production and trafficking, they cannot be compared to the Colombia market. Colombia is in the middle of an institutional crisis characterized by

Laws and Policies affecting Oil Gas industry

Laws and Policies affecting Oil Gas industry Every oil and gas industry are working according to the oil and gas laws, the law covers every aspects of the oil industry for example , ranging from licencing, operational issues, joint venture, project contracts, service contract and construction , disposal, acquisition, farm -in, marketing and sales , oil and gas transportation and diligence work. There are three major laws shown below Downstream Energy Law and Policy The Downstream Energy Law and Policy, the legislation and regulation are implementing implement policy for down stream energy industries. . The importance of this the policy decision is to restructure the electricity and gas industries it will change the legislation, the approach of regulators. The law can makes working environment better Environmental Law and Policy for Natural Resources and Energy This policy deals with national and international environmental policy and power generation, consumption of natural resources and production. Example there may be problem rising in production sector, mining activities, transportation of petroleum, use of new clear energy, global climate effects and air pollution and d ad regulatory systems International and Comparative Petroleum Law and Policy This is law and policy implementing in the international petroleum industry, The main part of this law are oil company, investors and host government. In this law financial investor and international corporate are faced in a open and practical way, The stake holders are very much interested on the financial development of petroleum resources .The law fully supporting the taxation issues also solve the variety issues , economic , lawyer , accountants , engineers and geologists in A brief introduction is provided to petroleum taxation issues. Private and Government Policy Some factors should be considered before deciding to choose a private or government policy. 1. Private company wont have a nationality requirement ie not be a citizen of host country also they provide insurance without regard to countrys economic development level or investment economic effect. 2. Private companies insure both existing and new ones whereas government insure only new project or expansion of the existing one. Also if we want a government policy for the project we must register our project with the government company at an earlier stage. 3.The government usually write policies for a long term(15-20 years)whereas private one write only for short usually three years basis and is renewed at the end of each year for an additional year so that there is always a three year basis. Currently political risk insurers provide coverages at a fixed rate .Most recently private companies offer coverage up to 15 years 4. Government insurance cost is cheaper than private ones. 5. Private offers more flexibility and opportunities to change the conditions of policy whereas government is not willing to change the rules from a standard form 6. The government polices inform the host government about the coverage .But private firms forbid the investor from disclosing the information regarding the investment because disclosure will make the policy invalid. For some investors it is advantageous to use both private and official markets to meet their needs in securing investments. Government insurers such as MIGA and OPIC encourage public private partnerships and syndicated insurances in cooperation with private companies. http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/academic/FT-MBA-Oil%20and%20Gas%20Mgt.php Development strategy achieved through transforming corporate governance I took Halliburton petroleum industry to analyse the structure, performance and management. It is the one of the richest refinery in US .is the prime responsibility of the Top level directorial board to ensure the benefits of its share holders and the main duties includes The evaluation of the chief executive officers performance and commitment and to take adequate action which includes dismissal , removal etc.In this main duty of the board in the executive section in each boad meeting is to evaluate the chief executive officers performance by the main director and the evaluation includes both qualitative and quantitve work area of the chief executive .The quatitive and qualitive ares includes leadership ,following managent development ,Integrity,perfomance of the business, informing the board matters that effects that Halliburton and its operation unit The final evaluation department made by the main director will present in the compensation commity after being communicated with chief executive officer and the duies if the compensation community includes the review of the evaluation of the report and and provide the recommendation for the coming year and Setting the compensation of the chief executive officer.The compensation is made according to the recommendation made by the compensation community The setting and evaluation of compensation of the executive management Annual revaluation and review of the plans and development program for the executive management The monitoring performance of the corporate against strategy and business plans Innovation Management in oil and gas Industry Innovation is not simply start the business but is a business of creativity ,It has some thing new , it is a new art .Innovation is strongly support the performance of the business ,Innovation is the result of hard work, efficiency. I choose BP to explain innovation management .BP is a UK company based company and it the 4th largest company in the world and also largest private energy corporation in the world. Innovative characteristics Now BP is gain an important place in the world oil industry. it was founded by George Reynolds. BP gain momentum in innovative process in nineties and it has got enough investment and is declaring now but 2001/2000 it was on its peak .BP is the biggest 10 company in the world constantly alter its technology by updating the new and latest .Bp using ultra modern technology to keep themselves at top. Innovation Strategy of The Company Dedication shown by the senior management with in the business strategy. Dedication by the employment is very important to implement innovative process. The main innovative steps are Performance Progressive Health and Safety-which ensure no harm to the people of environment Innovative- transformation new business ,bottom line performance and HSE expected a achievement are I part and factor of innovative process BP achieved innovation by abandonment of effective management and process added heavy stress and multi performance to the staff and which effects the working pattern of the company .Every motivated individual are the great and strength of every business sector but pressure of the management will effect their performance .BP creating campaign to make aware every employer that about priority and making comfortable in their own way to provide effectiveness and innovation Innovation requires knowledge of customer and user, BP providing training programs for understanding the innovation application in their working field by this new technology BP achieved performance management, new idea will be a risky factor to companies .Innovation occurs motivation .Innovation need encouragement for the new idea in the driving force for the innovation. BP providing innovation needs, active support to improve employees skills. Innovation is long term process involve lot of money and time BP investing millions of pounds for theses activities 2009 was the worst economical year in oil and gas industry>The recession hit all over the world . Demand of the energy resources doesnt gone down but even through the production goes down .It is reported that world will use 45% of energy by 2030 there may be some challenges which need ultimate solution to the innovation strategic level , some example are invest more money on innovation , a alternative fuels like wing , solar ,increase innovation process Sustainable Development in Oil and Gas Industry I am analysing Zadco oil company to examine about the corprote Overview of Sustainable development .It is the second largest oil company in U.A.E. The main objecitive of the Suitable Development of the development of the present generation and meet the development future generation Economic Sustainability Zadco is producing approximately one by fourth of U.A.E oil , Upper Zakum field which is the fourth largest oil in the field is the main assets of the Zadcos maily depend upon the growth Social Sustainability Zadco contribute for the social sustainability and some contribution in includes employement opportunity, community welfare project , promation of educational institution Enviromental Sustainability Zadco has strictily maintaint its effort to reduce the environment pollution, it also monitor its emission and discharges constantly to to reduce the harmful effect in the ecosystem http://www.halliburton.com/AboutUs/default.aspx?navid=973pageid=2305 Business Planning Processes The success of an organization depends on how effectively their strategies are implemented and how it works. The main function of the business plan is to identify and develop strategy to support the companys mission and vision. It may be long time or short time. The corporate performance focussing the development of companies in all area.The corporative planning team interfaces every group in the business units. http://www.zadco.com/CMS/AboutZADCO/CorporateOverviewMissionVisionValues/BusinessPlanning/tabid/251/Default.aspx Operation management in oil and gas industry The basic ethics and idea of operation management in the framework of the upstream Oil and Gas business is to enable executives to carry out a decisive evaluation of their concerns contrive and supply chain to comprehend the ways in which strategic goals are interpreted into decision-making. Decipher calculated objectives into rational calculated verdict associated to effective placing, viewed within a global context for the oil and gas sector. Transmit and converse the relation between manufactured goods and development design, and examine and construct strategies for re-engineering effective and supply chain practices to gather diverse market needs. Evaluate and expand stratagem for facility development and classify deliver chain arrangement and control worth planning, manage and skill management. Competent of effort out troubles relating to strategic operational decisions leading to the achievement of competitive advantage through an effective operational strategy. Characteristics , The model of transformation, how cooperate strategy links with operation strategy, operations by strategic drives, project appraisal, project management, location of operations, planning capacity, capacity strategies: methods of forecasting demand; Operational Scheduling; aggregate plan formulation; capacity strategies; purchasing and supply chain strategies, global sourcing and supplier selection; inventory management; MRP/MRPII/ERP; quality and environmental policy: quality management; quality control and international standards for quality systems; environmental policy; risk management; measuring performance, performance metrics, improvement strategies. Strategies for Facilities Management; Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). QUALITY MANAGMENT The industry handles hazardous fluids and gases through a variety of processes. Considering the personal safety for both staff and public, protection of the environment and business continuity (maintenance of revenue streams, both for companies and for national economies) require a high level of operational integrity. A solution element in the reassurance of appropriate products being supplied is the quality management system operated by the goods dealer and service contractor. The experience of previous editions of API Q1 has proven that requirements additional to ISO 9001:2000 are necessary to provide assurance with high opinion to quality of products and services on a consistent and global basis. It is a collaboration between the American Petroleum Institute (API) and ISO technical committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries. According to John Modine, Director Certification Programs, American Petroleum Institute (API), ISO/TS 29001 is expected to result in Increased international acceptance of time-tested sector-specific quality system requirements on a broad scale for the worldwide oil and gas industry. He defines it as: One industry one standard. We knew that API Spec Q1 (6th Edition) contained extremely valuable quality system requirements for the oil and gas industry and we wanted to help disseminate those sector-specific quality requirements to the international oil and gas industry. We concluded that the best way to do that would be to draft the next version of API Spec Q1 (7th Edition) with a joint API/ISO committee with the final result being a joint publication of API Spec Q1 and ISO/TS 29001. The final goal is to obtain worldwide receipt and use of the standard. The new technical specification aims at the growth of a quality management system that provides for frequent improvement, highlight defect prevention and the reduction of variation and waste in the supply chain and from service providers. Incorporating the requirements of ISO 9001:2000, ISO/TS 29001:2003, it also includes detailed, sector-specific requirements for design, development, production, installation and service of products. To assist the user, the requirements of ISO 9001:2000 are given in boxed text, followed by specific direction and additional requirements for its implementation within the industry. Although some of the supplementary requirements may be viewed as not specific to this industry, they are needed in TS 29001 in order to ensure that the requirement(s) are explicit and can be audited. ISO/TS 29001 is obtainable for use by manufacturers of oil industry utensils and materials (upstream and downstream), service providers to the oil and gas industry, purchasers of utensils, materials and services and organizations who could use the criterion for assessments and certification. Major risks in oil and gas industry One of the main consideration in any global investment is the political risk .It is mainly focus on oil and gas or energy sector. This sector is very large and controversial most of the all countries energy sector is privatized, when Investing money on foreign country the investor should evaluate the political risks, economical, and geological risks. The oil companies producing the hydrocarbons in reasonable profit at right time. An contract signed with the government for particular time that should be a longer time than the present government. A upcoming government might ready to western companies and allow a more autonomist policy for their general resources. Once geological survey finished the economists will analyze finance budget, i company management will assess the major risk in a new project and resolve that risk in an suitable way, Political risks has been changing according to their political and socio-economic situation of their own country, For example in1990s Enron Corp in India and1980s Belco Petroleum Corp Peru in both cases present government changed and new government came and adopt new anti foreign investment policies because of that they dropped their project. There are mainly two types of risks one is Country specific political risks and another is firm political risks .Firm specific risks are directly connected to the company, for an example government might chance to cancel the project or terrorist group may decided to attack the Industry. But in the country specific politics risks is not directly connected the firm but it will effect national wide, for example the government decision will effect money fluctuation or civil war Dfferent types of l risks are shown below . Government Risks Instability Risks Firm exact Risks unfair regulations damage Creeping expropriation Kidnappings break of contract Firm particular boycotts County Level Risks Mass nationalizations labour strikes Regulatory change rural rioting Risk Management There are number of essential ways to protect the investment firms from the political risk, economic risks, environmental risks, and technological risks. Assessment factors can strongly influence the companys fiscal performance. Political risk is mainly managed by two ways one is actual political risk insurance and another is De facto insurance. De facto insurance is the protection from strategic partnering and planning. Political insurance is covering all part of the investment .In De facto insurances is mainly preventing the loss in risky areas for example exploration and production , money fluctuations, civil war etc. Two important sections in a political risk policy constitutes event of loss and the measure of damages and it wil be as a result of the type of coverage that is purchased. So it is important to understand the types of political risk insurance coverages. These coverages generally includes expropriation, currency inconvertibility, war and civil disturbance, trade disruption and breach of contract.all these should be closely examined Expropriation coverage protects against patial or total loss of investment caused by host government which eliminates insureds ownership or exercise of its rights with respect to the investment. Coverages can also used against creeping expropriations which had effect of preventing the investor of its ownership.to its investments. The amount of loss wil be the investments net book value. While discussing the amount of loss based on a particular coverage the concept of book value become important and it determines how much will be recovered in the event of loss For example in US there are two methods of accounting for drilling results. An oil company can either use an accounting under which dry hole costs are written off in the year incurred, or the full cost method of accounting whereby all drilling costs are capitalized and written off over the economic life of the reserve. Both methods will produce different results. So it is important to discuss a definition for net book value that will produce a promising financial result for the insured. Expropriation can take the following forms Confiscation of Fixed Assets and Bank Accounts Many companies have investments in the form of subsidies or joint venture .In order to attract foreign direct investment government will give some concessions or signed agreement with the company .But w hen the government changes some changes will happen in investment regulations and the locally held assests will undergo some unfairly actions imposed by the new government which restricts its operations. Share holder loans invested by the companies are at the risk of legal penality. Insurance is needed to protect such loans. Expropriation coverages also include losses due to material change imposed by the host government. The following agreements are mentioned Drilling Rights Long term agreements should contain remedy to protect against future disputes because such licenses may be cancelled later. The contract should significantly relay on qualitity of arbitration provision to secure against legal indebtness through court. Exploration/Exploitation (Production Sharing Agreements) When overseas government attract western companies to share in the travel of discovery of the potential field this agreement will comprise the unfair treatment at the next phase. Thus this agreement will identify how the oil revenues are split between the company and the government. At the time of struugle the government will undergo any of these agreements and identify the indebteness of the government and coverage is available on grounds similar to drilling rights Proven Reserve In situations where future oil revenues are included in the balance sheet and the underwriters are satisfied with the accounting principles it is possible to include loss of future earnings as a part of net asset value in the event of expropriation by the host government .2. Confiscation of Mobile Assets Contractors who take specialized mobile plants or equipments such as barge from overseas will re-export it after the completion of their project. Before re-exporting he needs permission and license from host government. If he refused the permitted the permission he will be exposed to a potential loss caused by confiscation and deprivation. 2.Currency inconvertibility coverage helps the investor to meet the loss arise due to his inability to convert local currency into the foreign currency specified in the policy, which is usually United States dollars, or the investors home currency,to transfer aborad. The coverages include excessive delays (usually expressed in terms of a stated time period), adverse changes in local laws or regulations, and an adverse change in the conditions governing the conversion to foreign exchange. The risk of devaluvation is for the insurance company.the investor will pay over the blocked currency to the company in exchange for the foreign currency. 3. War and civil disturbance coverage protects against damage or destruction due to war or any other disturbances. This coverage includes revolution, insurrection, coup detats, sabotage and terrorism. The damage may not be actual but the investment is considered as a total loss.The measure of loss will be investors net book value of the assets destroyed or damaged. The company also needs a option to replace the destroyed ones or a reasonable price for the maintenance of the damaged ones. 4. Breach of contract coverage protects the host countrys repudiation against investors contract.this coverage will provide a process for resolution of disputed and the investor can obtain an award for damages. If it is not paid with the state period of time, the investor can then demand for net book value of investment under the policy. Future loss in profit is not covered 5. Project finance Majority of overseas project requires bank finance on a limited or non-recourse basis. Private companies now offer a coverage of 10 years to protect banks giving loans to such projects. . The project sponsors will be seeking finance from the lenders where the assets of the project are assigned as collateral and the cash flows derived used to repay financing. 6. Border closures, blockades and sanctions will not cause a loss of the local investment Two possible consequences that tailores the insurance programs are loss of profit and increase in operating costs .

Hooded Americanism: The First Century of the Ku Klux Klan Essay

In â€Å"Hooded Americanism,† David M. Chalmers narrates the olden times of the Ku Klux Klan in every single one of its personifications from right away following the Civil War to the belatedly 1970s. Mr. Chalmers moreover talks about the Klan’s expansion and accomplishments in all of the states throughout its strongest era in the 1920s to 1930s. Mr. Chalmers furthermore discusses in great detail the tumultuous 1960s and how the Klan lends a hand unintentionally to produce the Civil Rights legislation for which it struggled so toughly against the opposition. Comprehensively investigated and finely written, â€Å"Hooded Americanism† is based on facts and peeps into the life of a contentious association and into the survival of the men and women who made it achievable. Summary of the Book: In the book â€Å"Hooded Americanism†, according to the author, David M. Chalmers, â€Å"it is not possible under American law to forbid the existence of an organization such as the Klan. Only the overt deeds of individuals, not organizations and opinions, are punishable† (David Mark Chalmers, 391). In other expressions it is practically not possible to pin the activities of a company on one human being. In result, the group gets away with monstrous and dreadful actions of violent behavior and no one is penalized for it. They have extended an effectual and successful approach and it is one of terrorization. All the way through the past, the Ku Klux Klan has instilled terror in others compelling them to give the impression to be substandard and defenseless. Not including the capability to threaten civilization, the Klan may perhaps still subsist, but it would obtain no authority above others. David Chalmers’ Hooded Americanism is in spite of everything, a standard history of the Ku Klux Klan. His 1981 modified version traced the indistinguishable territory all the way through its fourth period, peaking with the late-1970s resurrection directed by new leaders like David Duke and manifested by the assassinators of five anti-Klan protesters at a 1979 war of words in Greensboro, North Carolina â€Å"Greensboro† readdresses here. Greensboro, North Carolina is a municipality in the U. S. state of North Carolina. Subsequently Klan relationships previously again forced, even though hard-core Klansmen soldiered into the new millennium by setting of connections crossways the chauvinistic Right, counterfeiting associations with Christian distinctiveness supporters, armed force combatants Nordic paganists, and neo-Nazi demagogues. Thesis of the book:  In spite of the civil rights modifications being approved greater than 40 years ago, racial discrimination persists to continue living to a great extent in America. A good example of this is the book â€Å"Hooded Americanism†. This book is based on the southern-based group known as the Ku Klux Klan. Instantaneously subsequent to the Civil War, this group moved towards the Modernization Period. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is one of America’s oldest and mainly one of the most apprehended groups. Determined by the vision of a world with simply one master ethnic group, the KKK frequently makes use of violent behavior, aggression and tactics exceeding the law to encourage their cause: white domination. Believe it or not, the innovative components intended for the KKK, were supposed to be an entertaining communal association that would be occupied of meaningless excitement and enjoyment despite the fact that in later years the KKK grew to be identified for their violent behavior and brutality in opposition to inhabitants outside the white nation and public who connected with them. With the times gone by that image Americans have of the KKK is hard to accept as true that it was on track for the reason that a small number of inhabitants wanting to have some childlike enjoyment, not because they were determined to establish a procession of hostility on anybody outside the white ethnic group. The Klan was extremely mysterious; all of the components were protected from individuals meaningful in their real characteristics (if that was their desire). Because of this confidentiality they obtained the alternate substitute name of â€Å"The Invisible Empire†. Even though slavery was brought to a conclusion, racial discrimination was not. The KKK was decived by the U. S. Government when it established and started being familiar with African-Americans as more than simply slaves. The KKK started their remonstration by execution, tar and feathering, thrashing, pounding and assassinating African-Americans in the South. The Klan doesn’t make use of the similar strategies as they did years and years ago. At that instant the KKK grasps nonviolent complaints in front of civil rights organization structures, the White House, and so on. For the reason that of their further diplomatic and more knowledgeable sounding loom, the Klan gets further encouraging awareness from brainless southerners. Subsequent to the removal of the U. S. Government hordes from the South in the late 1800’s, the Klan accomplished its objective. Numerous of the groups separated. Following the turn of the century, it started happening another time. This instant the objective was a lot superior, emancipation of America from all non-white, Christian Americans. This is the Ku Klux Klan we are familiar with at the moment. The Klan hasn’t been as authoritative from the time when they began, but for the past 50 years it has had a lot of reincarnation and plunges. All the way through the history, the KKK has tried to put a stop to the correspondence of America. They will maintain to do well by pleading with further inexperienced and unqualified Americans to stick together with them. It is correct that racial discrimination still continues to exist in the United States, but there will at all times be men and women of every color and shade struggling in opposition to group similar to the KKK. Provided that there are dissimilarities linking people on this earth, there will forever be revulsion. And the KKK will be there to nourish on this abhorrence and take advantage of it in each and every way probable. They might be noiseless for numerous years, but you can calculate on the reality that they are there. They are â€Å"The Invisible Empire† and will for eternity be the dark and mysterious side to American History. The book goes in length into the Klan’s spreading out into numerous nations and documents their accomplishments/collapses and the universal communal response of the group of people the Klan was entering. The novelist despite the fact that appeared to have a pro-Klan prejudice, and this is sensed just by the title and the understanding of the within jacket. He infrequently spots out the tribulations of the Klan’s philosophy (throughout his utilization of expressions, particularly exclusion of such words as â€Å"racist† and â€Å"bigot†, which a lot of Klan associates gave the impression to symbolize), and glamorizes the Klan’s analyses on white preeminence as a standard, contemporary inspection of white Christians (a little exceptionally distant from the reality). It glamorizes Klan violent behavior and intimidation of aggression, and in more than a small number of places it blames those adjacent to the Klan as unpatriotic Americans, or unappreciative colonizers or minorities. Mr. Chalmers furthermore highlights community brutality not in favor of Klan action as the actual erroneous and wickedness, something I believe is a usual response to these ‘pseudo-Christian revolutionary law enforcers’ who wish for time (and America) to stand still and static for them. A number of areas furthermore intimate towards the writer’s support for the Klan’s principles. The foremost Klan was established in 1865 by veterans of the co-conspirator defense force. Its rationale was to reinstate white incomparability in the consequences of the American Civil War. The Klan opposed Reconstruction by threatening â€Å"carpetbaggers†, â€Å"troublemakers† and freedmen. The KKK promptly accepted aggressive techniques. The increase in assassinations finally resulted in a counterattack between Southern leaders who observed the Klan’s immoderation as an explanation for centralized troops to prolong occupation. The association refused from 1868 to 1870 and was shattered by President Ulysses S. Grant’s route and enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1871. In 1915, the following Klan was established. It developed quickly in a different period of postwar social apprehensions. After World War I, a lot of Americans managed with successful development rates in main metropolis, where plentiful influence of refugees from southern and Eastern Europe and the Great Migration of Southern blacks and whites were being captivated. Subsequent to World War I, labor anxiety increased as veterans attempted to reenter the work energy. In response to these new groups of migrants and refugees, the second KKK urged racial discrimination, anti-Catholicism, anti-Communism, nativism, and anti-Semitism. Conclusion: Mr. Chalmers creates exceptional use of modern newspaper descriptions and perspectives to cover the Klan and its reputation in a specified group of people. What I found particularly fascinating was the Klan’s demographics. Mr. Chalmers acquaints with investigation that disproves long-held confidences that the Klan was for all time strongest in the South; in actual fact the Klan, at times, lined the authorized administrations of the Midwest. Mr. Chalmers furthermore talks about how different state governments and councils struggled with the Klan or sided with them. Yet again, I was astonished at how numerous administrations in reality attempted to restrain the enlargement of the Klan in their states throughout anti-mask commandments and other legislation. Mr. Chalmers has printed an outstanding history that includes in huge detail the 100 years subsequent to the Civil War. I look forward to that he is at an effort on modernizing this essential work.

Sartre Revised

Being condemned to be free is ironic. Condemn and free are two words not usually seen together in one sentence making a coherent and firm statement. To condemn is to declare to be reprehensible, wrong, or evil usually after weighing evidence and without reservation. And to be free is to have the legal and political rights of a citizen. Joined together the words will over right their meaning. And yet philosopher Jean – Paul Sartre managed to make his point stand out and be heard by everyone, outliving 64 years of earthly, human living. What Sartre is trying to tell us, his thoughts and ideas about life here on earth, about our responsibilities, about the trifle things and actions in our everyday lives that we tend to ignore because we think life is bigger than us, that there's a bigger picture, is what being condemned to be free is all about. In today's modern world, freedom has become a necessity and has taken on many forms. Gone were the days when women are not allowed to vote, engage in politics and other manly jobs, cannot have a career and is obliged to stay home and manage the household, and be thrown to unwanted marriages arranged by their parents. Now everybody can choose. And many have viewed this right to choose as a form of freedom. One has the right to choose their schools, their career paths to take, their spouses, how many children are they going to have, what will they name their kids, it is just a matter of choosing and directing this freedom to what we think is the right thing to do. After all, not all of us are using this freedom to choose our actions wisely. It all starts with human beings being born free and equal in dignity and rights, the first article from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Men are created equal, and it’s funny that there are people born carrying within them the royal blood. It already raises their political and monetary position above all the common men. They carry with them the noun King, Queen, Prince, Princess, Emperor, and Empress among others before their birth names. They have all the advantages in the world, not having to sit through traffic, not having to be the front liner in a war, not having to work hard to earn a living. In fact, they just sit and everything is done for them, all they have to do is make sure they keep their countries the same as it was before they were born. Up to what extent is this equality in dignity and rights applicable? Now that everybody seems to have a complete grasp of liberty, it appears that being free is not as wanted as it was before. History taught us well enough to know that there have been a number of wars fought for freedom and religion. The tales of man then tells us how others will try to conquer the lands where they have been born, and a leader will fight for their land and in the end they either merge with the conquerors or greatly celebrate their freedom. Religion, too, has been a great propeller of wars. Different beliefs, different doctrines, a different God for every religion, set the plot for a more massive movement that outlasted every century up to now, still counting fatalities. â€Å"The historical reality is that where religious freedom is denied, so too are other basic human rights. † (Why Religious Freedom? ) Religious freedom is just one of the many forms of freedom people are indulging in today. There is also what we call academic freedom. â€Å"The notion of academic freedom is invoked to justify statements by faculties that offend politicians, religious leaders, corporate executives, parents of students, and citizens. (Academic Freedom in the United States) That immediately removes your right as a person to say what you want to say, it obviously is a threat to be opinionated now a days. And it is not just academic; the press is also encountering some form of suppression. According to the Freedom House organization, there are several reasons as to why the media i s being stripped off of its independence. The media can be a source of political opposition, political upheaval, victims of violence, and finally, they can be threats to national security. (Map of Press Freedom) With all the overwhelming talk about freedom, liberty and human rights, one man tries to summarize all this into man being condemned to be free. Jean-Paul Sartre is said to be one of the brightest philosophers of the twentieth century. â€Å"French novelist, playwright, existentialist philosopher, and literary critic. Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1964, but he declined the honor in protest of the values of bourgeois society. His longtime companion was Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), whom he met at the Ecole Normale Superieure in 1929. â€Å"(Jean-Paul Sartre 1905-1980) An Existentialist, Sartre is known for his public lecture, Existentialism and Humanism and his magnum opus, Being and Nothingness. Sartre's greatest work, Being and Nothingness is subtitled: Phenomenological Ontology. He starts his discussion with the description of two kinds of being. According to him there is the in-itself and the for-itself. The beings-in-themselves are the ordinary objects, while the being-for-itself are the human agents. (Jean-Paul Sartre) The beings-in-themselves or ordinary objects do not have the capability to change or create. A chair is nothing more than what it is, it cannot change its appearance on its own, nor can it create something out of its being. A human agent is a being-for-itself because it is a being with conscious plans, purposes and intentions. It is able to project forward from a given situation to a future possibility that is not yet realized. The uncertainty of human life and purpose, the venturing into the unknown is what makes and defines human life distinct from the others. As human life progresses, the things that he do, what kinds of act he gets himself involved in, becomes his definition, becomes his being. A person is born not knowing that he will pursue a career in medicine. As he grows up and goes to medical school he is defined. He has found a definition for his life, that of a doctor. For Sartre, if a being-for-itself starts to question its purpose and meaning, it starts to have a consciousness. The consciousness makes it possible for the human to know everything around him, and everything that is not around him. As it now knows that it is not an ordinary object but something else. Something undefined, something that is not yet known to him. So starts the journey to fill in an empty palette. In not knowing, in a human's nothingness, he is free. There is this whole notion that if you are inside a prison cell, you are not free. You are bounded by rows and rows of bars, controlled by correctional officers, undermined by more experienced inmates. But if we were to use Sartre's definition of freedom, no Alcatraz can set limits on our liberty. In fact, this will even define the person and not limit his being free. The core idea of the text is that man is condemned to be free, meaning that in this freedom that we have, we are still responsible for our actions. We cannot evade our responsibilities and say that we did not choose it to happen, because our actions are unmistakably ours alone. Nobody does our actions but us. Even if we are not inside jail cells, we are still attached to obligations and duties which we can only be held responsible to bringing upon ourselves. â€Å"Man being condemned to be free carries the weight of the world on his shoulders; he is responsible for the world and for himself as a way of being. † Every action that we do, we know and we are conscious of us doing it. We cannot clean our hands and say that we did not want that to happen. We are abandoned in the sense that we cannot but the blame on somebody else. We carry the burden; nobody can help us with it. Sartre pointed out a few arguments to support his view. He mentioned three reasons why human-reality is free. Human – reality is free because it is not enough. Human – reality is free because it is perpetually wrenched away from itself and because it has been separated by a nothingness from what it is and from what it will be. And finally, human – reality is free because its present being is itself a nothingness in the form of the reflection-reflecting. Basically what he is trying to say is that our life here on earth is not enough to explore everything that this world can offer us. We continue to be free in spite and despite of the fact that there is a limit to everything. Freedom is the nothingness which is made-to-be at the heart of man, it forces human – reality to make itself instead of to be. For human – reality to be is to choose oneself. Sartre tells us that if a person should make something out of his nothingness, then he makes use of his freedom. He has to make himself something out of this freedom. His freedom opens his world to a lot of choices. What one would want to do, what one would make out of the small money one has, what one will do when one wakes up in the morning. These things that one chooses to do will give him the being of man. Man cannot be sometimes slave and sometimes free; he is wholly and forever free or he is not free at all. For to be wholly free is to be given responsibility. And to not be free, one is not given responsibility, which will never be the case because only the beings-in-themselves or the ordinary objects are those that cannot assume responsibility. He must assume the situation with the proud consciousness of being the author of it. Our lives are like books. They have a plot, a setting and characters. But who makes things happen? Is it not us? We are the author of our own books, we make things happen. However bad the situation that we find ourselves in, we must assume responsibility and get through the challenge. Absolute responsibility is not resignation; it is the logical requirement of the consequences of our freedom. When free, man chooses to do things. And when man chooses to do things, these things will always have consequences. For example, man chooses to swim at high noon. After awhile, he finds himself with his skin burning from being exposed to the sun too long. This is the consequence of his actions. His freedom to choose his actions makes him absolutely responsible for whatever it brings to him. There is no non-human situation because all decisions are human. Even if we say that man does inhuman things, like that of nuclear war, murder and rape, this will never be a non-human situation simply because the decision to get involved is of human nature. You try to reason with yourself that maybe what you are doing is wrong and not just, and yet you still decide to do it. It is still a human who is behind the act; hence, it is not a non-human situation. There are no accidents in life. For lack of getting out of it, I have chosen it. It is a matter of choice. Here Sartre points out that what happens in life does not happen by chance. We get ourselves involved by our choice, and if we say we do not have a choice, and we cannot get ourselves out of it, we still have chosen it. Because we always have a choice. Even if that choice is suicide or not doing our duties, it is still an option to get out of a situation. Human – reality is without excuse. Lastly, Sartre tell us that one cannot ask, â€Å"Why was I born? or curse the day of his birth or declare that he did not ask to be born, for these various attitudes toward his birth – i. e. , toward the fact that he realizes a presence in the world – are absolutely nothing else but ways of assuming this birth in full responsibility and of making it his. When man becomes conscious of his p resence and being in this world, it follows that he accepts responsibility. Because now he knows and is fully aware of the things that he is doing, his freedom, and once aware of his freedom, he is found to be responsible. I think that Jean-Paul Sartre wants to find meaning in life just like everybody else. The answer to the question, â€Å"Why was I born? † Sartre answered simply. Unlike other schools of thought, namely the determinists and the proponents of free will, Sartre focused on man’s is being condemned to be free but with full responsibility. Sartre said that the proponents of free will are concerned with finding cases of decision for which there exists no prior cause or deliberations concerning two opposed acts which are equally possible and possess causes or motives of the same weight. Hence they try to reason that a person is born with the free will to find a cause for himself. However, the determinists reply saying that there is no action without a cause and that the most insignificant gesture refers to causes and motives which confer its meaning upon it. So for them, man is born with a cause already. Sartre simply answered this question when he said that man is born out of nothingness, and in this nothingness, he is free. And like most philosophical view points, Sartre is very much ridiculed for his existentialist values. There are objections to him mostly because of his atheistic ideals saying that he believes that we are living in a universe with no God, no morality, nothing absolute. Abandonment: Condemned to be Free) His stand on being free that leaves us with a feeling of abandonment because we are solely responsible for everything, comes from his realization that there is no supreme being, being God that guides us and supports us every step of the way. We are alone and we cannot ask for a God to help us in situations that we cannot possibly escape f rom. His definition of freedom permits everybody to do whatever we want, because we all have choices and responsibilities to bear. And if we have chosen to be a part of a non-human situation, we would still find ourselves deciding humanely. For example, a man participates in murdering another man, it is his choice to participate in the killing, and nobody forces him to do so. The other man is now dead, because man is free to choose what to do; he is not judged as doing something wrong. Instead, as long as he deems himself responsible for the killing, he is free. What we do not understand much is that our being free has to come with responsibility. Yes we get to do whatever we want, but we still have to consider the consequences and assume responsibility for it. By then, we cannot dare say that we did not want this. Nobody else is responsible for the things we do but ourselves. We choose, even if we say that we left it all to chance. Leaving it to chance is still an option that we choose. The life given to us, it is a choice. Everything we do, we do without regrets or remorse. There should be no excuses, for we are the authors of our situation, nobody else but us. In my own opinion, I greatly value Sartre’s work. He proves that there are so many reasons why we should enjoy our life here on earth and how much freedom we have. He points out a great deal of effort as to why we do things not needing a direct cause or a cause not to do it. But I do also possess a great amount of respect to the Supreme Being. I know that there are people who believe that they do not need a God, who believes that life here on earth is just passing and not really owed to him. But for me, that is not the case. I believe that we are not alone, and that there is someone out there who gives us hope and who makes us keep our faith. Yes, we have to be responsible for the things that we do. But that responsibility comes with great respect and consideration for other people around us. We just cannot hastily do things and hope that we do not get in the way of somebody. Life is governed by rules, by the law. If there will be none of these rules and laws, there is definitely chaos. And I do not think that suicide is neither an option nor a last resort. We cannot simply find the easy way out. What is the thrill in just killing yourself if you cannot overcome challenges and obstacles in your life? Why do you have family and significant others to share your dilemma with? I believe that our troubles are our responsibilities, but it does not stop us from asking help. There are now numerous numbers to call in case we decide not to confide to our family members or to our closest friends, especially if we want to remain anonymous. If other people find ways to help other people, especially those who established organizations like alcoholics anonymous, etc. , why can we not indulge in these as well? Yes we always have a choice, and suicide is not one of them. Yes we have the freedom to do that, but if you believe that everybody is given an equal and a second chance, would you do it? We do have our own burdens and crosses to carry, but everything is possible as long as we have faith. Faith in ourselves, to always have the courage to face our problems, faith in life, that it may not let us down and faith in the Supreme Being, to whom we know we are always taken care of.